Drug-Hormone Interference Affects Pituitary-Thyroid-Adrenal Axis in Urinary Tract Infection

Nitrofurantoin has been used commonly as an antimicrobial treatment for urinary tract infections. Although the combination of lung and liver cytotoxicity is very rare, it may occur up on treatment with nitrofurantoin. Nitrofurantoinassociated pulmonary interactions are common among females. The anticholinergic and antimuscarinic effects of Flavoxate hydrochloride enhance the selective relaxant activity of strong smooth muscle on the urinary tract to relief pain and vesicourethral spasms. It used for urinary frequency and incontinence associated with the urinary tract inflammations. Although various studies indicated the presence of burden effects of Nitrofurantoin and Flavoxate, there is a lack of literature studied the impact of those drugs on pituitary-thyroid-adrenal axis in urinary tract infections. Blood samples were withdrawn via venipuncture from male and female patients at the end of the treatment period and healthy controls to measure serum Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Estradiol (E2), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin, Progesterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS), Testosterone, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Fasting Insulin, and Cortisol. The circulating hormonal levels were measured quantitatively using Enzyme-link immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hormonal profiling showed that there were remarkable signatures could be of great interest to underline some recommendations and guidelines optimizing the drug dosage to avoid burdens associated with those drugs as well as maintain the physiological and psychological performances of both sexes.